Intimate Partner Violence: Psychoanalytic Theory Application Essay

This paper will discuss a thirty-two year old pregnant woman named Regina, who was brought into the emergency room with many superficial injuries. She is come with by her five year-old son. Later in the conversation, Regina discloses that she is a victim in evoke partner force. Violence is a very common occurrence in partner relationships. According to McHugh and Frieze (2006), it is estimated that more than a quarter of relationships involve at least one violent incident. Partner violence can include anything from a heated argument or yelling, to physical attacks or threats such as hitting, slapping, or pushing (McHugh & Frieze, 2006). Often, the women in relationships are the victims of the abuse, posing the simple question, why doesnt she just leave. For most women, it is near impossible to remove themselves from the relationship because of psychological factors. She may be worried that her partner will abuse her worse should he ever find her. She may fear the guilt that she co uld experience for leaving the relationship, or she may be concerned about money situations, had he been the furbish up provider (McHugh & Frieze, 2006). There are many reasons why a woman may feel stuck in an abusive relationship, which is why support groups and therapeutic chat are important. The purpose of this paper is to create a therapeutic conversation with Regina and her son, in order to build an appropriate intervention for intimate partner violence using the psychoanalytical theory. Literature ReviewTherapeutic communication is an important skill for a nurse to utilize when it comes to relationships between the patient and nurse. In Reginas case, integration of empathetic and compassionate communication skills in combinat... ... of intimate partner violence implications for nursing care. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 24(1), 27-38. Klostermann, K., & Kelley, M. (2009). Alcoholism and intimate partner violence effects on childrens psychosocial adjustme nt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 183(12), 3156-3168. doi 10.3390/ijerph6123156Lemmey, D., McFarlane, J., Willson, P., Malecha, A. (2001). Intimate partner violence becomes perspectives of effects on their children. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 26(2), 98-103. McHugh, M. C., & Frieze, I. H. (2006). Intimate partner violence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087, 121141. doi 10.1196/annals.1385.011Psychoanalysis (2013). The psychoanalytic tradition. American Psychoanalytic Association. Retrieved from http//www.apsa.org/About_Psychoanalysis.aspx

Free Capital Punishment Essays: Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits When I was in high school, my friend Mike and I earned extra property working after school and on weekends at a drugstore located at the north end of our town. Before we started working in the retail business, we both had a fairly high opinion of humanity. That is to say, we thought that the average person wouldnt try to cheat us, would be at least margin completelyy polite, and would be smart enough to avoid walking in front of a bus. As it turned out, we were wrong. When we stepped behind the counter of that drugstore, we had to remove the rose-colored glasses and examine our cherished ideas about humanity. We found that there were many, many rude people out there and that quite a few would cheat us if they were presumption half a chance. We also found the average person was much less intelligent than we had thought. On Labor Day, 1995, I started a list of all the irritating and stupid things that people did while we were at work. After a while, other employees began to contribute to the list, although I compi guide about 75% of the complaints. By the time I left at the end of May 1996, the list had 567 items on it, and we were referring to some of the customers by number. In particular, I remember 337, an older lady who came in ahead of time every Saturday morning to buy a candy bar. Sadly, 337 never had the requisite fifty cents, and as she was rummaging through her purse looking for spare throw (which somemultiplication took as long as ten minutes), impatient customers would line up behind her. Finally, she would storm off in a huff. Incredibly, 337 would return several times over the course of the day and attempt to purchase the candy bar again. Once more would come the agonizing search through her purse, but (surprisingly enough) the change at the bottom had not bred over the course of the day, and over and over she was forced to leave in defeat and shame. Number 337 was hardly unique, or notwithstand ing unusual. Every shift that I worked, I was forced to deal with people nearly as clueless as she was. Mike and I were inevitably led to the conclusion that stupidity should be painful we thought that if stupidity were painful, people would go to great lengths to educate themselves.

Masculinity, Femininity and Simone Benmussa’s Singular Life of Albert N

Masculinity, Femininity and Simone Benmussas Singular Life of Albert NobbsThe semiotics of traditional theatrical form reinforce an oppressive patriarchal system. The physical body becomes the accelerator by which gender is assigned and expected. This emphasis on the body is amplified in the theater. Simone Benmussas snap The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs, adapted from the short story by George Moore, deals with issues of femininity and masculinity and how these are portrayed within the theater as well as how theater is formed by the traditional patriarchal gaze. This play also deals with issues of class and how class status is intrinsically tied to gender, gender performance and sexuality. Through the example of this play it is seen that a form of theater which creates and maintains the cleaning lady as subject rather than object (as Sue-Ellen Case proposes) cannot be truly realized until the performative nature and many issues inherent in masculinity are admit and processed. Here also is an excellent case study of how the politics of the theater are deeply rooted in body politics and gender essentialism. altogether of these factors contribute to the plays overall complexity in matters surrounding and pertaining to the performative nature of masculinity and the manner in which masculinities are brought forth on map and how that differs from femininity on stage. One of the central themes of theatrical form is identity and the catalyst by which identity is formed is the body. In using the body as the site of formation of individual identity, women are uniquely identified with their anatomy and specifically the parts of their anatomy that differ from that of men (Callaghan 30). Because women are thus delimitate by their relation ... ... femininity and female masculinity are brought under scrutiny. Works Cited Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. spick-and-span York, Routledge. 1990Callaghan, Dympna. Shakespeare Without Women Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage. New York, Routledge. 2000Case, Sue-Ellen. Towards a New Poetics. from Feminism and Theater. New York, Methuen. 1988Gardiner, Judith Kegan. Introduction. from Masculinity Studies & Feminist Theory. (also ed.) New York, Columbia University Press. 2002Halberstam, Judith. The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly. from Masculinity Studies & Feminist Theory. ed Judith Kegan Gardiner. New York, Columbia University Press. 2002Hopkins, Patrick D. Gender perfidy Homophobia, Masculinity, and Threatened Identities. Kano, Ayako. Acting Like A Woman in Modern Japan Theater, Gender, and Nationalism. New York, Palgrave. 2001

John Bates Clark :: essays research papers

John Bates Clark     John Bates Clark was an American economist who lived from 1847-1938. Heplayed an important role in the development of marginal productivity, and had agreat influence on the development of economic thought in the United States.Clark was educated at Amherst College and at the University of Heidelberg inGerm either. He taught at Carlton College in Northfield, Minnesota from 1875 to1881. He then moved on to teach at Smith College, Amherst, Johns Hopkins andColumbia from which he retired in 1923.     In formulating the Neoclassical theory of the firm, John Bates Clarktook over the classical categories of land, labor, and capital and simplifiedthem in two ways, this simplification was the theory of marginal productivity.First, he sham that either labor is homogenous, which meant that one labor houris a perfect substitute for any other labor hour, but when marginal productivitywas decreasing, the industry free-base it more pro fitable to replace labor withmachinery. Clark believed that to make a sound economy wages had to be equal tothe marginal productivity of labor. This was also serious to both theindustry and the labor.Secondly, Clark ignored the distinction between land and capital,grouping together both kinds of non-human inputs under the general term"capital," which he then assumed that the broadened "capital" is homogenous.     John took this Neoclassical approach one step further than others inapplying it to the business firm and the maximization of profits. One of theresults was a theory of the diffusion which demonstrated that market outcomeswere just.     Clark also believed that technological change would lead to an increasein the standard of living which he felt was one of the chief goals of anyeconomic system. He felt that with this technological change, labor would bemore productive and lead to higher profits for industry. When the labor wouldsee that industry was making higher profits, they would demand its sh atomic number 18 of theprofits for their hard work. The labors higher wages and the industrieshigher profits would increase incomes and better the social living for everyone.     Among Clarks works are The Philosophy of Wealth (1886), TheDistribution of Wealth (1899), and Essentials of Economic Theory (1907).

Mood of Passage in Snow Falling On Cedars Essay -- essays research pap

In the passage be ginning They had picked from the novel Snow Falling On Cedars, the author, David Guterson, uses many techniques to give the passage a depressing, and stir mood. He uses vivid imagery to describe Carls dead body. He also uses figurative language, such as metaphors and similes to show the severity of the situation. Finally, his diction shows the lecturer how reading ab pop a crime scene can seem real if the word choice is right. All the techniques Guterson use help the reader to smell out as if they were actually at the scene when Carls dead body was found in the ocean.The words that Guterson uses create vivid images in the readers mind thanks to his use of imagery in the passage. For example, when one reads about the bubbles of seawater coursing under Carls shirt, and his icy but brilliant rap skin that looked as if the sea had parboiled in the sea, they might be disgusted. The imagery lets readers actually imagine a dead Carl in their mind, which can be actual ly depressing. Death is also a very scary subject for some, so imagining this would even frighten some. If Guterson would have just said that he was dead and the officers pulled him out of the water, it would not have been as effective. The reader might not have even got any mood out of that, but the mood is also hardened by other factors.Figurative language is used abundantly in the passage. Guterson uses metaphors such as Carls h...

Essay --

To nearly people ethnicity is shown by values, lifestyles, customs, and rituals that are personal to an individual ethnic group or religion. The feeling of belonging to a certain group is a basic need for mankind. In a sense, ethnicity can be separated into two particular categories, a unique affable structure and culture heritage passed down from one generation to the next. I come from a Mexican family. This has shown me the m each similarities, as well as differences in a Mexican family compared to an American family. From a young age we are taught that the value of family is the or so important thing in the world. Most Americans encourage their children to trigger off out after graduation from either high school or college, Mexicans believe that their children should live with them until they are married or around the ages of 25-30 years old. The most important family member in the Mexican family are the elderly. They are given special treatment and attention. For example our beliefs is that the elders shouldnt go to retirement homes. They are welcome in the family and are cared for until there last days. Grandchildren are taught to be respectful and to aways Listen to the elders, especially if theyre your grandparents. Most Mexican families are extremely traditional, with the man as the indicate of the house hold, and the authority figure. Machismo (masculinity) in all latino countries is a huge problem, not only because women are being deprived of their freedom, but because men outcry their power. I asked five Mexican women how they felt about Machismo in Mexico. Two of the five women told me kind of the same thing They believe that it is not a deleterious thing, but it depends on the man. The other three were very against it, and they ... ...ing aspect for Americans, because most Americans have their life planed out on a cellphone or on a planner and too often it doesnt include their family. Mexican food is influenced by the ancient civilizati on. For examples the Mayans ate corn tortilla with a bean paste that cover the tortilla. The Aztec found out that mixing and squishing different types of vegetables makes a savory appetizer they call salsa. They also learned how to make what are now called tamales. When the Spaniards came they brought over milk, rice and other products that were new to Mexico. But have now remained in the cuisine. Mexico has an amazing culture. It is full of wonders and mystery that are yet to be discuss. Mexico just like any other country has its fall backs, but one day Just like the United States it will rise up and be one of the most powerful countries in the world.

Children of Heaven Review

Children of Heaven This movie do me in truth thankful for everything I have in my life, including my shoes. I open it sad that All could not on the dot speak up for himself. If All would have asked the man working the grocery store about the shoes, then he might not go to all the trouble in the first place. I found it sad that the children had to work, and never got to play. The quality of life for this family bothered me deeply, and it made me blessed for the childhood that I had. The kids in this movie worked almost as servants to the adults, maintained pristine manors, and showed great perseverance.I noticed most of the adults in the movie were very strict, stern, and seemed like they were not afraid to beat a child. All made some of the highest grades in his class despite his hardships, he was a responsible kid. I Just dont understand why he did not speak up about the shoes to his teacher, principle, or coach. It was sad to see kids having to stick together, and share a pair o f shoes to prevent one of them from getting a beating. Alls sister should have asked the other girl wearing her shoes, where she got them.The girl may have Just given them to her in exchange for the en, or when she received her new shoes. This movie was one hardship after another, heartbreaking for me to watch. It makes me want to donate shoes for children who may not have any at all. It was sad to see people In the movie live In lavish mansion, and then compare It to Alls home. Alls dada was paid very good for his gardening work, this money would be a precious asset to his family. When the man at the mosque gave Alls dad the tools, this showed how the Islamic community back up the others In need. Overall It seemed Like a rough situation to me.

Banana Peels as Alternative Toothpaste

Hydrogen peroxide is a bleaching agent with antimicrobial effects Gaffar, 1997 that has been utilise historically, at high concentrations, for the treatment of severe gingivitis. It is an effective bleaching agent that can penetrate enamel to bleach intrinsic stains. Papain is a naturally occurring enzyme that dissolves protein. There is few evidence to show that the combination of papain and citrate can excerpt superficial tooth staining.Sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) slows the growth of crystals and so inhibits the formation and growth of hard deposits of mineralized plaque (calculus). Kohut et al., 1997 At high concentrations, STP breaks down the stain matrix. It does this by removing calcium bridges between the stain molecules and surface proteins on the teeth, making the stain easier to remove.ABRASIVESAbrasives in toothpaste help remove stains and plaque as well as polish teeth. Common abrasives include silica and calcium carbonate. Toothpaste should be abrasive enough to re move plaque and stains, solely not so abrasive as to damage tooth enamel.TOOTH DESENSITISING INGREDIENTSPotassium nitrate is used in products to reduce hypersensitivity from exposed dentinal surfaces. Strontium agents based on steradian reduce the pain from sensitive teeth by blocking the tubules in the exposed dentine.FLAVOURS AND GUMSFlavours the natural oils and flavours used in oral healthcare products include wintergreen, eucalypt oil, menthol and thymol. It has been suggested that natural oils may work by reducing the levels of bacteriuml toxins in the plaque. Mandel 1988 Gums various gums are used to thicken toothpaste, but excessively to retain moisture, so the toothpaste does not dry out if the top is not replaced.CARIES PREVENTIVE INGREDIENTSFluoride may be included in oral health products in many forms, including atomic number 11 fluoride (NaF), sodium monofluorophosphate, amine fluoride and stannous fluoride. Fluoride strengthens the teeth against caries by making the enamel less soluble and by promoting remineralization. Manson & Eley, 1995At the same time, it interferes with the metabolism of plaque bacteria and so may help inhibit plaque acid production. Slots & Taubman, 1992 Calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) has been report to increase the amount of fluoride that is taken up into tooth enamel. Forward et al., 1979 CaGP present in the toothpaste has alike been reported to increase the amount of calcium and phosphate available for the remineralization of enamel. Duke et al., 1979ANTIBACTERIAL AND pH-MODIFYING INGREDIENTSChlorhexidine salts are antimicrobial agents that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria. Collins & Walsh, 1992 They have been reported to inhibit plaque acid production. Manson & Eley, 1995 Marsh, 1992Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in toothpaste and mouthwash. At low concentrations it interferes with the uptake of nutrients into bacterial cells and inhibits their growth. At higher concentrations, triclosan is bactericidal. Zuckerbraum et al., 1998 Zinc salts utilise an antimicrobial effect by inhibiting a variety of bacterial enzyme reactions, Mandel, 1988 including the breakdown of sugar into plaque acid. Zinc, used in combination with other substances, has been shown to reduce calculus.It is also reported to be effective against halitosis as zinc ions have an affinity for southward compounds, reported to be primary components of bad breath, and convert offensive sulfur compounds to non-volatile substances. Waler, 1997 Baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) has the potential to modify the pH of plaque, and possibly the activity of the bacteria that cause tooth decay. It may also interfere with plaque metabolism and so reduce acid production. Legier-Vargas et al., 1995 Sodium lauryl sulfate is a foaming, cleaning and dispersing agent with antibacterial properties.

Discuss the Narrative Method of Kurt

Discuss the Narrative method of Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five is a that in no vogue can be treated as hotshot-dimensional one. It deals with the historical events like the bombing of Dresden, socio-cultural reality of America in the 1960s and the substitute world of Tralfamadorians. Although three different realms be combined, the newfangled does not present anything that could be perceived as unseen. Its exceptionality captures from a less explored perspective the novels unique narrative structure.It seems obvious that the text edition could not know been interpreted with the use of traditional interpretational tools therefore Vonnegut introduced a new method of narration. The main focus of the analysis are several devices Vonnegut uses to cause his narration. First of all the story has in fact two narrators not one. In this way the contributor sees more clearly that he narration technique is in a way turned upside down. The narra tor not necessarily loses his traditional role and still influences the way readers perceive the plot barely a slight difference can be noticed.What is more, contrary to the potential assumptions of the reader, Slaughterhouse-Five not entirely breaks out with the convention of an anti-war book. The second issue that needs to be looked upon are the stylistic devices use by the author. Those are the collage technique, the foreshadowing of well-nigh of the events and multitude of repeats. These tools can be traced in every chapter of the novel. Moreover both of them connect different levels in the plot. The third aspect of the novel is Vonneguts attempt to explore the subconscious of the protagonist with the use of Tralfamadorian reality.It might be argued whether the authors intention was to make the reader believe in alternative world or to present the main character as schizophrenic. By the bailiwick of fact such question is legitimate as the emergence of schizophrenia can be e asily associated with Billy Pilgrims travels in judgment of conviction and space. From the outset sentence in the novel the reader becomes aware that it is impossible to state whether the story is on-key or fictitious. All this happened, more or less. (p. 5) Throughout those quarrel the reader is confronted with is the question of truth.In this way Vonnegut gives the reader a thrill and achieves the effect of reality. On the one hand the reader feels that the story is a fiction on the other however some parts of the story seem to be far too realistic to be artificial. Moreover Vonnegut calls his novel a failure. (p. 14) With this manifestation he again brings it into question the truthfulness of the reported facts. The question whether the novel tells a real story or is further a successful mystification is left to the reader to answer by himself. The story begins in chapter II.The author introduces the protagonist named Billy Pilgrim who describes his time travels. As the s tory unfolds the reader gets more exposit about the alternative world of the Tralfamadorians. The idea of time traveling as well as the utopian smell on another planet is, by the matter of fact, just a renewed and transferred to the modern versions of topics introduced to literature centuries earlier by Thomas More or Jonathan Swift. There is however one aspect, which is expenditure a particular amount of attention the way the story is presented.Taking into consideration the fact that it is Billy who describes what happened it is odd that every expression, Billy utters, is commented on with the words he says. (p. 20) At first sight this may not seem important but it points to the question of truth. Does Billy travel to remote areas, or does he unaccompanied say so? Vonnegut asks this question every time he repeats those words. Another device used by the narrator is the foreshadowing of important events. As an utilization one may look at the following expression Billy sat down in the waiting room. He wasnt a widower yet. (p. 4) By foreshadowing some of the important events in the story the author breaks with the c oncept of time. He deliberately upsets the chronology in the novel. It is visible especially when Vonnegut places the first and the last sentences of the novel next to each other. That procedure forces the reader more focused while reading the novel, more careful in search of full understanding. What is more not only the concept of chronology but also tension is rejected in the novel. Vonnegut avoids tension by anticipating some of the events which are connected with a given up character, for type His name was Howard W.Campbell, Jr. He would later hang himself while awaiting trial as a war criminal. (p. 63) Next technique used by Vonnegut repetition of some phrases. The repetitions appear throughout the novel in different contexts. I drive my wife away with a breath like mustard suck and roses. (p. 6) This quotation occurs in the first cha pter which describes the genesis of his novel. It is used again in chapter four, when Billy imagines that he can smell somebodys breath and once again in the war episode when the protagonist describes the bodies rotted and liquefied and the smell was like roses and mustard gas. (p. 105) The smell is a lovely of a cut which links the past with the present. The repetitions also join several episodes of the novel in lay to make it less chaotic and incoherent and introduce a kind of structure. That in turn makes the novel more coherent and easier to follow. Apart from stylistic devices which Vonnegut, with all his mastery, uses to create the unique atmosphere Slaughterhouse Five turns out to be also a in-depth study of human psyche. The psychological aspect of the book is, however, deftly disguised with the use of alien society of the Tralfamadorians.The symbolic meaning of this alternative reality is in fact more than a symbol, as it becomes true to some extent at some of the points of the novel. What is more Billys await also make the reader raises more questions than it would be possible to provide answers to. Who or what are Tralfamadorians? Are they a symbol of an ideal society that is a far cry from the one known and used on Earth? A morality which just like many which preceded it should show us the way?Or maybe the planet exists only in Billys imagination and is nothing more than a subjectt of a mind tormented by regret, a world existing in Billys reality only? It is difficult to state whether Vonnegut wants to impose the expression that Billy is schizophrenic or whether he tries to convince the reader that the Tralfamadorians really exist. It is essential to notice that Vonnegut does use the word schizophrenia from the very beginning of the novel. This is a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore, where the flying saucers come from. (p. ) Ambiguous as it is this statement still points out to the fact that the authors intention was to mislead the reader a make him believe that schizophrenia might be the key issue, an element that should not be omitted. What is schizophrenia? According to R. D. Laing schizophrenia can be draw as a special strategy that a person invents in order to live an unliv fitted situation. This description contrary to the strictly medical, that is traditional control seems to focus less on the fact that schizophrenia is a serious mental illness and more on the opportunities a split personality provides.According to this definition the fact that ones personality can be torn apart because of the negative environment is a understandable defensive reaction. Might it be then a coincidence that the Tralfamadorians themselves might be treated as schizophrenic as they all the time neglect any negative implications in action and exclusively focus on the positive moments. Taking into consideration all the troubles Billy experiences during his lifetime, it seems obvious that Slaughterhouse Five tells a story of a man who can perceive his life as a failure.The protagonist has a negative childhood, marries a woman whom he pities but not love, so he is relieved when he loses her. He experiences much during the war, almost dies in a plane-crash and his children are hard to raise and difficult to love. For those reasons Billys life might be described as unlivable. Can one find a better reason to break the identity in half and rise to find shelter in the depths of ones mind? It seems to be a logical consequence for the protagonist. Mental illness perceived as a kind of barrier is also referred to several times in the novel.As an example Rosewater, one of the characters in the novel utters an assumption that life is too heavy a burden to be bearable for some eg. Another time Billy heard Rosewater say to the psychiatrist, I think you guys are going to have to come up with a lot of wonderful new lies, or people just arent going to want to go on liv ing. (p. 50) Also one of the descriptions given refers to one of the characteristic feature of schizophrenia hallucinations by stating Billy Pilgrim was having a delightful hallucination. He was wearing dry, warm, white sweatsocks, and he was skating on a ballroom floor.Thousands cheered. This wasnt time-travel. It had never happened, never would happen. It was the craziness of a dying young man with his shoes full of snow. (p. 26) Again the author uses those expressions not without a reason. With a few sentences he reveals the delicate inside of his character, makes him more approachable as if he felt obliged to provide an explanation to his visions of a better life on another planet. Vonnegut makes even a step further by deriving Billys illness from the physical consequences of the plane-crash.Apart from the fact that Billy was the only person which managed to survive still he suffered from severe brain damages. This might have created the perfect mental environment for creat ing Tralfamadorians. Another device the author uses in narrating is placing information about novels written by Billys favorite author Kilgore Trout. The plot of those novels also influenced Billys time travels as one of them, entitled The Big Board (p. 105) tells the story of a couple which have macrocosm abducted by aliens and shown in a zoo.It is than possible that Billy might have taken this story as a real one and projected the idea on himself. Vonnegut confirms this belief in chapter nine writing So they were hard to reinvent themselves and their universe. Science fiction was a big help. (p. 50) Nevertheless the mental state of the main character is in no way clear for some parts of the chapter are narrated as if the protagonist experienced the travel Billy was unconscious for two days after that, and he dreamed of millions of things, some of them true. The true things were time-travel. (p. 7) It seems obvious that the author deliberately makes the reader confused. This as sumption can be proved as the narrator makes a clear distinction between time-travel and plain fantasy. However one can also say that Vonnegut seems to supply internal evidence for a psychological explanation of Tralfamadore while at the same time denying that evidence with a contradictory narrative statement. (Harris 235) It can only imply that reading Slaughterhouse-Five, one can suspect that Vonneguts intention is far from being interested in accuracy as far as the subdivision between reality and fiction is concerned.Only by such narration technique Vonnegut was able to allow the protagonist to solve the conflicts which thorn him apart, even if the only way to do it was to split his identity by introducing schizophrenia. Slaughterhouse-Five is obviously one of the novels that could not be forgotten for it differs to a large extent from other works from this genre. The author, on purpose, neglects all values and norms. What is more no principles of logic can be use to the plot. T herefore just like the novel is narrated in a completely new way, it needs also to be read differently in order to fully understand its unique utterance.BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)Kurt Vonnegut. Slaughterhouse-Five. Great Britain, Jonathan Cape Ltd 1970 available in PDF version on http//chomikuj. pl/Angouleme/e-booki/Kurt+Vonnegut+-+Slaughterhouse-Five,58449367. pdf (2)A quote by R. D. Laing found on http//www. quoteland. com/topic/Madness-Quotes/538/ (3)Charles B. Harris, Time, Uncertainty, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. A Reading of Slaughterhouse Five, Farmington Hills Gale Group. October, 2001 Can be viewed at http//infotrac. galegroup. com/galenet? cause=http%3A%2F%2Fgalenet. galegroup. com%2Fservlet%2FDC%2F%3FfinalAuth%3Dtrue&cont=&sev=temp&type=session&sserv=no

Latino History and Culture

Historians argon still unclear on when the offshoot Hispanics appe ard in north the assigns. The most prevalent theory is that they were nomadic hunters who came from the Asia mainland and across the hence frozen Bering Straight into Alaska. Regardless of their origins their main region is now the Americas, both North and South and it is expected that the Latino population in the linked res publicas will addition by 40% in the next ten years (US census 2010). Their culture and society is steeped in tradition and beneathstanding and appreciating their culture is imperative for any mortal working in the social services field.Latino Traditions and Culture The Latino culture contains more diverse sub-cultures, however in that location is a common theme and religion that run through alone Latino cultures. An definitive heathen form that is prevalent among many Latinos is the closeness of the society the lack of person-to-person space in their culture is very alpha as the y ar to a greater extent than open to physical touching and showing affection. Social Expectations Time orientation melt downs to be different for Latinos who are generally more connected with the present than with the next or planning ahead.Due to this trend, it is a good deal processful to remind Latinos the day before an ap orient workforcet or activity. This in addition relates to why many Latinos tend to focus more on work than advancing their breeding. Latinos see work as a way of receiving money now which is a way they can improve their lives now and if call fored puddle enough to send money to relatives back in their countries of origin. However, advancing their education would mean that they grade more in the future but less in the short term where their focus is.The Latino family, including extended family, is the primary social unit, and source of support. a lot Latino custody who are in the linked States come looking for a way to support their familys bac k in their firm town. fifty-fifty making minimum wage or less here the amount that these Latinos send home can make a authoritative change for the families in their home country. This support of family also extends to those who come to the United States. lots when Latinos migrate to the United States they stay with family or friends who adjudge previously immigrated. Respect and Interpersonal RelationshipsRespect is important in Latino culture as it indicates appropriate behavior to state of wards early(a)s based on age, gender, social and frugal place and authority. Formality is seen as a sign of respect, including the use of suffixes such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Senor/ tire out, Senora/ Dona. Another sign of respect in Latino culture is avoiding eye contact with authority figures. This is very much confusing to Americans who see maintaining eye contact as a way of showing several things including respect, listening, understanding, and honesty. Latinos tend to stress the importance of personal rather than institutional relationships.Interpersonal contact is very important to develop trust when interacting with a person of Latino culture. It is common that Latino clients find it un convenient to block messages in office voicemails for this reason. Trust is built on mutual respect over epoch. Showing personal interest in Latino individual may avail establishing trust. Latino families are characterized by traditional gender roles. Men are expected to feature machismo or prominently exhibited masculinity this means men should be rational, strong, authoritarian, and independent.Women are expected to be submissive, dependant, as well as fill care of the children and the household. Many Latinos believe that events are meant to meet because of fate, a power that they cannot see to it. Many Latino clients will say Its my cross to bear, or If God wishes so. This fatalism may prevent them from pursuance help. Because of this fatalism, spiritual h ealers play an important role in helping people with physical as well as mental concerns. nigh Latinos believe that charming is often the cause of a change in behavior or illness.Bewitching involves the use of magical acts and transcendental powers either by humans or supernatural universes. This may simply involve the casting of a spell. Religion and Traditions In general Latinos are very religious, 90% of Latinos are Catholic or Protestant. The perform serves as a guide for perceptions and behaviors, influencing decisions and judgments. The church is often an important source for social support and interaction. Latino churches also teach the value of family and are often a place where there are Spanish language masses.The communal nature of Latinos is represented by the use of food in the culture, sharing and oblation food to guests is important and often relates to the holidays that Latinos often celebrate. Holidays are an important part of Latino culture, whatsoever holid ays relate to the religious, while others relate to anniversaries of study battles in Mexican history. All the major(ip) catholic holidays are celebrated by Latinos such as Christmas, Lent and Easter as well as the Catholic rites of passage Baptism, Holy Communion, and Confirmation. The twenty- quaternary hour decimal point of the Virgin Guadalupe is December 12.The Virgin of Guadalupe is Mexicos most popular religious and cultural image, with the titles Queen of Mexico, Empress of the Americas and Patroness of the Americas, both Miguel Hidalgo (in the Mexican War of Independence) and Emiliano Zapata (during the Mexican Revolution) carried Flags bearing the Our Lady of Guadalupe, and Guadalupe Victoria, the first Mexican president changed his name in her honor. The shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City is the most visited Catholic shrine in the world. (Elizondo, 1997) The Day of the dead is another holiday celebrated by Latinos which is connected to the Catholic church.N ovember 2 is the Catholic holiday of All Souls Day, for Latinos it becomes The Day of the Dead. The holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and re particle friends and family members who feature died. Shrines and food are coachd and often brought to the cemetery where loved ones are buried. The f lower berth type Marigold also play a part in the celebrations. Cinco de Mayo is a holiday held on May 5 that commemorates the Mexican armys unlikely victory over french forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862.Mexican Independence Day had its bicentennial on September 16, 2010. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, known for his progressive ideas, say Mexican independence in the town of Dolores on September 16, 1810. History and Immigration Waves of migrants came into the Americas starting around 50,000 B. C. during the Pleistoncene Ice Age, and the migration ended when a melting trend came about around 9,000 B. C. The first Mexicans were hunter-gat herers until around 8000 B. C. when they started to breed Maize plants. In 1800 B. C. he most intensive Maize farming began. Maize or corn, on with squash and beans were a staple of the early Mexican diet and are still a major part of Mexican diets today. ((Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999)). Between 1800 B. C. and 1521 A. D. complex cultures began to form, some becoming very advanced, such as the Maya, and the Aztec. These cultures along with others made significant technological, cultural, and scientific advances, such as building pyramid-temple complexes, sophisticated mathematics and astronomy, and the creation of the gigantic Count Calendar.These civilizations had large cites and militaries and ru take over the Valley of Mexico until the Spanish Conquest begin in 1517 A. D. ((Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999)). The Spanish Conquest Fifteen century Spanish explorers detect what we know today as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. In the following years, Spain expanded its empire into the vernal world by force. The conquistadores had more advanced weapons and were thought to be gods by the indigenous people because they were unstoppable.Spain claimed Mexico as part of its empire, although it took 200 more years to complete the conquest. Spanish culture spread from Mexico to Central and South America, and over what is now the southwest United States. Early Spanish settlements were established in what became Florida, New Mexico and California. ((Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999)). Conquistadores claimed treasures for the Spanish crown and brought Catholic missionaries to forcibly convert indigenous inhabitants. Some indigenous populations became extinct during this period.Over the three centuries of Spanish rule less than 700,000 Spaniards, mostly men settled in Mexico, this led to intermarriage of Spaniards and indigenous natives that produced persons of mixed line of descent which the term Mestizos represents. The Spanish also brought diseases such as small p ox which the indigenous peoples had no immunity to it and eventually died in the hundreds of thousands. (Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999). The Colonial Period 1650-1810 During this period Mexico was a part of the much larger Viceroyalty of New Spain, which embroild Cuba, Puerto Rico, Central America, the south estern United States, and the Philippines. Colonial law was destructive and un decorous to the natives, as no Mexican native, even one with pure Spanish blood, could hold an administrative office. From an economic point of view, New Spain was administered not to compete with Spain in terms of exports, such as grapes and olives. Only two ports were open to unlike trade, one on the Atlantic and the other on the Pacific. Foreigners had to obtain a special permit to buy the farm in Mexico and few Mexicans were permitted to travel abroad. Few books were available and education was discouraged.Mexican natives live in serfdom. ((Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999). Mexican Independence 180 7- 1910 In 1807 Napoleon I invaded Spain and placed his sidekick on the Spanish throne. Mexican conservatives and rich landowners who supported Spains royal family objected to the liberal policies that Napoleon favored. Mexican liberals who wanted a democratic Mexico allied with the Mexican conservatives who wanted a Spanish monarch rather than Napoleons brother, these two sides agreed only that Mexico must obtain independence. ((Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999).Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, known for his progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the town of Dolores on September 16, 1810. This declaration started a drawn out war that lasted 11 years, with liberating troops entering Mexico City in 1821. The Treaty of Cordoba, signed August 24, 1821 verified that Mexico was now a sovereign nation. After achieving freedom from Spain, Mexico struggled with the decision to be an empire or a republic. The Mexican giving medication went through many changes often by co-ops during this period of instability.One example of this is when federalists asked General Santa Anna to overthrow the current president, Bustamante. Santa Anna did this and later went on to serve as president 11 times, including when Texas declared itself a sovereign nation and later during the Mexican-American War. The Mexican-American war was when The United States occupied California and attacked Mexico City. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which stated that Mexico must sell its northern territories to the United States for 15 million dollars. However, after war with The United States, Mexicos political nrest go along (Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999). The Mexican Revolution 1910-1929 Many Mexican were unhappy with their government, so after blatant election fraud, from an incumbent president, riots broke out and the revolution began.The revolutionary forces led by, among others, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza defeated the Federa l Army, but later disagreed on how to organize the government. These disagreements became a political standoff that led to a violent struggle for control that lasted for more than 20 years. The Constitution created in 1917 still governs Mexico today. (Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999)) The PRI and the rise of Contemporary Mexico 1929- present In 1929 the interior(a) Mexican Party was formed by the president, General Plutarco Elias Calles. The National Mexican Party convinced most of the remaining revolutionary generals to hand over their personal armies to the Mexican Army, this act ended the Mexican revolution. Later renamed Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) this new party ruled Mexico for the rest of the 20th century. The PRI is referred to as the three-legged stool, in reference to Mexican workers, peasants, and bureaucrats.The PRI did not lose a senate seat until 1988 or a gubernatorial race until 1989. It was not until July 2, 2000 that Vicente Fox of the opposition, Nati onal Action Party, won the presidency, ending the PRIs 71 year hold on the presidency (Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999). The PRI achieved economic offshoot and prosperity until the late 1960s when the partys management of the economy led to several crises and political unrest that led to the Tlatelolco massacre in 1968. more economic crisis in 1976 and again in 1982 led to the nationalization of Mexicos banks.In 1994, Mexico became a full member of the North American Free Trade Agreement, this built Mexicos economy. Mexico now has a free market economy that has entered the trillion dollar class (Meyer, Sherman & Deeds, 1999). Mexico is a major drug producing nation, an estimated 90% of the cocaine disgraceful into the United States each year moves through Mexico. Mexico is also a major supplier of heroin, ecstasy, and the largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamines to the US market. Major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking in the country.The Me xican government conducts the largest independent illicit crop eradication program in the world, however, Mexico continues to be the primary shipment point for U. S. bound cocaine from South America. (CIA. gov, 2010). One the other hand there are also many ostracise adjustment for Latinos who migrate to the United States. branding of Latino immigrants is common in the United States Americans often assume that anyone who is Latino and doesnt speak English perfectly is an illegal immigrant and look down on them. Institutionalized racism is another negative adjustment factor as well.Laws are being passed in Arizona that requires Latinos to carry documentation of their citizen status at all times. Latinos are often nonintegrated from other parts of the community because they live in the poorer neighborhoods with many other immigrants. The language disparity often hinders communication and keeps Latinos in lower class communities, where others speak Spanish. Because Latinos are orie nted on the present time they focus more on work the education which could increase their socio-economic status and help their adjustment to The United States.There is a lack of support for education that would help immigrants learn English or would help Latino children prepare for extravagantlyer(prenominal) education. Because of this lack of education many Latinos have low direct or under skilled jobs. Latinos Oppression and Marginalization Latinos are one of the largest minority concourses in America. The number of Latinos had steadily increased over the last 40 years in the United States (Bergad & Klein, 2010). Census data from the year 1970 indicates that there were 9. million Latinos in the United States, and it is estimated that the census data from 2010 will indicate that there are 48. 7 million Latinos financial support in the US. Census projections for the year 2050 indicate that there will be 102. 6 million Latinos in America (US Census Bureau, 2010). Although the nu mbers of Latinos has steadily increased and are expected to continue to rise, the level of marginalization and conquering they endure on a regular instauration has not changed substantially over the years.Contributing factors to the oppression and marginalization of Latinos in American society include limited or lack of opportunities in the areas of economic stability, fair rile to house, marginal or no access to affordable health care, poor access and quality of education, and limited political representation. Latinos are marginalized based on economic factors, which play a predominant role in their ability to achieve a exalteder shopworn of living. Obtaining higher(prenominal) paying jobs, adequate housing and education for themselves and their children is often much more difficult than it is for other populations in America.As reported above, Latinos often migrate to America with the desire and hope to earn a living wage to support themselves and their families. Unfortunate ly, Latinos often work in service jobs which offer low wages and few benefits. They are often hired for jobs such as landscaping, janitorial, and various service jobs which require little to no formal training or education. These jobs are considered menial jobs in our society and often choke to meet the basic needs of the workers, let alone offer disposable income that can be used to obtain a greater quality of life.Our group interviewed two men who are undocumented workers. These are some of the most marginalized and oppressed Latinos in America due to the fact that they have no documents indicating that they are able to work in the United States legally. Economic reasons were cited by both men one who was in his mid-forties and the other who was in his early twenties, as factors for their immigration to the United States. Both men indicated that the job opportunities were far greater for them in American then in their home countries of El Salvador and Honduras.These men indicated that they are fully aware that they are discriminated against and oppressed here in the United States because of their legal status, and both men reported feeling powerless to change the formation without obtaining legal status to work freely in America. They reported subminimum wages and long hours as landscapers. They also reported that they often get taken payoff of by those hiring them for the day as laborers, as sometimes they are not paid at all and they feel they have no recourse under the legal system.The wages they do make are barely sufficient for them to live on, so they find themselves living in large group situations with other immigrants to pool their resources. They report that communal living in their only option for survival at this time, especially during the current economic depression. The few dollars they may have each month after their own basic needs are met are sent to their families in their homelands to assist them in meeting their basic living needs.The y reported that they would need approximately two thousand dollars each to become documented, which is a tremendous and impossible amount of money for them to save considering the meager allowance they have each month. The poor overall economic conditions of Latinos have a severely limiting effect on their ability to purchase a home and enjoy home ownership, which is touted as part of success here in America. Research indicates that Hispanic or Latino households have less than ten cents for every dollar in wealth owned by white households.Growing wage inequality makes it very difficult to emerge from the cycle of poverty or to pile up assets and increase their net worth (News Batch, 2008, p. 1). Only one in four Latino households owns no assets other than a car or unsecured debt (Lowery, 2010, p. 1). In 2007, the median non-Hispanic white family reported $171,200 in net worth versus only $28,300 for non-white and Hispanic families. Latinos have been far more likely than whites to receive higher-priced loans, when they are disposed loans, and carry higher debt relative to their incomes.Loan approval is difficult for most Latinos in good economic times, and almost impossible in recessionary times. Communities of color ordinarily experience higher crime rates and lower tax bases than predominately white neighborhoods. Latinos are a relatively young group or population. They are not as highly educated, and they tend to be concentrated in high cost regions of the country, such as New York and California, where homeownership can be less attainable, or it forces them into low income neighborhoods. As well, in these areas, Latinos are much more likely to be immigrants (Dugan, 2004).In the current economic conditions the rates of foreclosures disproportionately impact communities of color. The income gap continues to shift in America between the wealthy and the poor at an alarming rate, with the poorer class increasing in numbers with each passing year. Research i ndicates that these economic and social disparities stand to grow worse in the years to come, which further oppresses Latinos and other people of color. Not only are poor economic opportunities and access to adequate housing real issues for Latinos in America, heath care is a serious concern.Many Latinos work in menial jobs earning minimum wage or less. These jobs often do not offer health amends benefits and the cost of purchasing health insurance is prohibitive for many Latinos and their families. Often they must rely upon government programs such as Medicaid, which is a needs based health insurance program for the indigent. This in turn ensues to negative perceptions of Latinos draining the system and further fuels authoritarian and discriminatory acts against them. Other contributing factors facing Latinos in the area of health related issues are poor diets and access to adequate nutrition.Research indicates that there are a disproportionately high number of extravagant food establishments in economically depressed areas in which predominately people of color reside (Freeman, 2007, p. 2225). This leads to increased health risks, including summation disease, obesity, and diabetes in these populations. Low income families often cannot afford healthy, nutritious foods from grocery stores, and grocery stores are often not easily found in low income areas, whereas fast food establishments are plentiful (Freeman, 2007). This is a marginalizing factor that often goes unnoticed by society.Between 1991 and 2001, the obesity rate among Latinos has gone up from 11. 6% to 23. 7% within the United States. 23% of Hispanic men are obese, and 27. 5% of women are obese. These statistics are higher than those of non-Hispanics within the U. S. Also, Latinos are twice more likely to have diabetes and to suffer from various diabetes-related illnesses such as kidney and eye disease. Studies have found that these ailments can stem from poor eating habits, and tend to incre ase with immigration (Arizona State University, 2010).Lack of access to quality educational opportunities and support is another contributing factor to the oppression and marginalization of Latinos in American society. The high school dropout rate among Latinos is higher than any other minority group, with only four in ten high school aged students obtaining a high school diploma. The statistics for the Latino high school dropout rate in Nevada is currently one of the highest in the nation with only 42% of Latino students earning a high school diploma (Sitwell, 2010).Young men still have higher dropout rates then young women, however the gap is closing in this area, and society is seeing more young women foul the school setting without graduating from high school, which sets them up for a life time of menial employment opportunities and low wages. As well, research indicates that by age 26, thirty eight percent of white high school graduates have obtained a bachelors degree, in com parison to 18 percent of Hispanic high school graduates. The U. S. Department of Education identifies seven undergraduate attributes negatively associated with postsecondary degree attainment.The risk characteristics are delayed college entry, part-time attendance, financial independent status, single refer status, having dependents, not having a regular high school diploma, and working full-time. The average number of risk attributes for Latino undergraduates is 2. 4, in comparison to 2. 0 for white undergraduates. Often the level of education individuals obtain is directly related to their quality of life as they are better able to afford a higher standard of living with increased education. Many Latinos do not have the basic education required to ensure financial security in American society.One of the major barriers for Latinos obtaining adequate educational levels is in their use and understanding of the English language. For many Latino families, English is often a second lan guage which makes it difficult for encyclopaedism to take place in the American culture. Additionally, the recent political campaigns here in Nevada offered a clear indication that political discrimination is rampant in our society. The recent negative political ads ran by candidate Sharon Angle were a blatant example of institutional discrimination against Latinos.The television ads ran by Sharon Angle for Senate showed Latinos togged up up as gang bangers with a narratorwarning waves of illegal aliens are streaming across our borders, joining violent gangs and forcing families to live in forethought. These types of negative ads only enforce the long standing stereotypes about Latinos. The Latino population is split over whether immigrant and native-born Latinos are working together to achieve common political goals. About half (45%) say they are, and half (46%) say they are not.Both the native born (who comprise 47% of the adult Latino population) and the foreign born (who comp rise 53%) are roughly equally divided on their perceptions of political solidarity. On every level, from the micro, mezzo and macro levels, Latinos face inequities as a result of our social system that supports it. As social workers we must be aware that the issues of oppression, marginalization and discrimination against Latinos are a result of a social system that promotes and justifies marginalizing others. We must look oward changing the systems that support oppression, rather than looking to change the people who are victims of the system. Push and Pull factors Latinos travel and migration to the United States can be understood in terms of pull and push factors, these factors that would pull Latinos to the United States include the Network theory, those who migrated first would help their family and friends come to US, who would then help others, and so on. The United States has higher living standards than some places in Mexico where some places the water is not safe to drink among other factors.The United States has higher wages, even those who make less than minimum wage make more than they could make in some areas of Mexico. Factors that push Latinos out of their native country include shortage of jobs, unemployment, and low wages. Political conflicts are common in some areas of Latin America as well as government conflicts with drug rings, Latinos do not want to be caught in the middle of a conflict or have their family caught and so they migrate to the United States. These conflicts can also lead to forced displacement, especially in Central America where there is insufficient lands.Some countries in Latin America violate human rights, have high levels of degeneration and crime. In Latin American countries there is often persistent poverty and parts of the population go hungry at times. Positive-Adjustment Factors Latinos have some overconfident adjustment factors for migration, such as a strong desire for a better life for their family. They have supportive families, especially when some family members have previously migrated. These family members help in many ways including lodging, food, networking, finding jobs, and financially.Friends also help in the ways mentioned above. With Latinos becoming one of the largest minorities in the United States they are beginning to have a significant political voice. Negative- Adjustment Factors One the other hand there are also many negative adjustment for Latinos who migrate to the United States. Stigmatization of Latino immigrants is common in the United States Americans often assume that anyone who is Latino and doesnt speak English perfectly is an illegal immigrant and look down on them. Institutionalized racism is another negative adjustment factor as well.Laws are being passed in Arizona that require Latinos to carry documentation of their citizen status at all times. Latinos are often segregated from other parts of the community because they live in the poorer neighborhoods wi th many other immigrants. The language difference often hinders communication and keeps Latinos in lower class communities, where others speak Spanish. Because Latinos are oriented on the present time they focus more on work the education which could increase their socio-economic status and help their adjustment to The United States.There is a lack of support for education that would help immigrants learn English or would help Latino children prepare for higher education. Because of this lack of education many Latinos have low level or under skilled jobs. Society looks to place strike on individuals and groups in hard economic times rather than examine and blame hard times on a dysfunctional systems which is inherently demented and discriminatory. A profound example of blaming can be witnessed with the recent passage of the Arizona law against Latino immigrants.These types of laws justify institutional discrimination and oppression against minorities (Goodwin, 2010). The gigantic majority of Latinos-79%-disapprove of the first-of-its-kind Arizona law enacted this year that gives police broad powers to check the immigration status of people. By contrast, the general population approves of the measure by a ratio of two-to-one. This amounts to racial profiling, and would not be tolerated by other ethnic groups. Research further indicates that 25 more states may try to pass correspondent anti-illegal-immigration laws next year (Goodwin, 2010).Misunderstanding of Cultural Values There are several misunderstanding of cultural value this is due to a lack of bilingual ply in agencies and organizations which lead to misunderstandings of cultural believes and values in our society. Language barriers Lack of interpreters or bilingual staff available, Legal Status and Fear of deportation are many causes of lack of communication from Hispanics to service providers. Many of the Hispanics will be not be eligible for services for being undocumented, Lack of knowledge on how the US health care system works.They may think its cheaper to go to the ER than to a PCP, Many of the Hispanic families wont have access to health insurance coverage. Latino children who are not US citizens or legal residents will not be eligible for the health insurance state programs, Lack of knowledge on how the US educational and legal system works. Hispanics may think they cant file for protective orders or custody, Lack of information that leads to misconceptions about resources in the community. Many Hispanics may think that they are not eligible for WIC, Food Stamps, etc. his is anther misunderstanding but for many Hispanics a large majority who have children born in the United States or what is known by many as Anchor Babies may be eligible for government related services and assistance. Practice Issues As a service provide it is important to incorporate a positive environment to all cultures. Any and all services such as written materials and audiovisual tools should b e presented in Spanish when available. When working in the Latino Culture it is important to follow a set of guidelines that focus on what makes the Latino Culture and those within it comfortable.As a Service provider using the guidelines below will help to effectively work within this culture. The effectiveness of word-of-mouth referrals to the center should be recommended. It is not uncommon that referrals are made because a neighbor or family member had been under treatment at the center. Once individuals and families are aware that the center offers low-cost mental-health services in Spanish and that the services offered are respectful of Latino values and beliefs, the good reputation becomes a viable source for future referrals and treatment compliance. validation, generational life reviews, and ceremonies and rituals.When working within the Latino culture it is important to focus on appropriate ways that incorporate an understanding of anothers culture. There are ways you can promote a comfortable environment using the guidelines below. One can have a clearer understanding of what can be done and what cannot. ? Strive to spell and pronounce names correctly. ? Dont assume all Latinos are Mexican ask of origin and recognize differences among Latino culture. ? Avoid asking if a person speaks Mexican or Puerto Rican. Spanish is Spanish. ? Use qualified interpreters. Children should never be asked to act as interpreters. Try to learn Spanish. Speaking in Spanish facilitates a greater level of comfort. ? Identify and address the decision-maker or spokesperson, the Patriarch and Matriarch. ? Be formal in interactions with older Hispanic. ? Encourage the family to ask questions. Explain thoroughly and suffer understanding. ? Check to make sure recommendations will fit into the family lifestyle. ? And finally listening is the key ? Use Spanish words you know when comfortable. Latino Education In our current educational system there have been some studies that d iscuss the differences with Mexican American children and American children.To better understand these differences one must first identify that Mexican American Children have a different learning style. There are four important aspects that can improve the way that these children learn. These four aspects are Environmental Learning Style, Emotional Learning Style, Physiological and Sociological Learning Style. They may be homesick for their families, friends, language, and customs. Economic survival is the primary concern for immigrant families. Teachers need to recognize that it is likely that the children of these newly arrived Hispanic families will be motivated, hard-working students.Their parents have sacrificed their old life to provide a better life for them and their children. Immigrant children top executive suffer from culture shock when arriving to the United States. They may be homesick for their families, friends, language, and customs. Many times the need for economic survival is the primary concern for immigrant families. Empowering Teachers Teachers need to develop a multicultural curriculum that celebrates Mexican Americans for their Mexican American students. The following contributed to the effectiveness of teaching Mexican American students ?Teachers who accepted full right for helping students. ? Teachers who were extremely caring and nurturing to students. ? The encouragement of collaborative learning. ? Student access to a wide variety of learning materials. ? If allowed in a teachers school district, the utilization of both Spanish and English when needed to enhance learning. Conclusion Latinos are politically marginalized and oppressed in the United States. Inequity is the nigh inevitable result of two powerful forces prejudice on the level of the individual and political imbalance on the social level.Through Building Effective Communications, outgrowth Partnerships between schools and Latino Hispanic Communities, Establish linkage s and dialogue, and Seed new initiatives that foster change with immigration reform. We can begin building a better alkali for current and future immigrants. Research indicates that when sources of inequity are built into the social system, resulting differences are neither trivial nor discrete. Such inequities persist over time and space. Often, the inequities and oppression is blamed on the discriminated-against (Power Inequities by M.Dugan). Mexican American students face many challenges. Many are from poor backgrounds. Their families may lack the communication skills, knowledge, and experience to take advantage of educational, cultural, and social opportunities. Some Mexican American students are newly arrived immigrants who may experience culture shock and limited English proficiency. However, with proper education that includes caring teachers who have high expectations for these students, Mexican American students can become high achieving, successful adults.ReferencesIssue Brief). Retrieved from The American Independent News Network http//minnesotaindependent. com/60416/foreclosure-crisis-race Arizona State University. (2010).Latino Health Issues Diet and Health. Retrieved from Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts http//www. asu. edu/courses/css335/ Bergad, L. W. , & Klein, H. S. (2010).Hispanics in the United States A demographic, social, and economic history, 1980-2005. New York, NY Cambridge University Press. Dugan, M. A. (204, February 2004).Power Inequities (White Paper). Retrieved from Beyond Intractability http//www. beyondintractability. org/essay/power_inequities/ Freeman, A. (2007). profuse Food Oppression through Poor Nutrition. California Law Review, 6, 2221-2259. Goodwin, L. (2010, October 28, 2010).Report 25 states considering Arizona-style immigration laws. The New York Times. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig. html

Health Care Reform 2010 Health And Social Care Essay

US health c be system was inefficient despite of disbursement 15 % of GDP during 2006 which was much(prenominal) than three times than in 1960. Ten old ages back, the health c ar system of USA was announced to be broken and in future it did nt better. Man old attention did non do seeable the fixes promises. The rates of premium be increa smatter. The annoyance of patients as good physicians flourish. The survey shows that about 45 one thousand thousand people in Ameri merchant ships are still uninsured.In the approaching hereafter, these issues allow acquire worse and new challenges will come on the screen. New engineering is doing topographic point and it is doing the things efficient, and the cost of intervention any bit good new trial is higher so before.A Doctors are doing the lives of people lengthy so now to a greater extent people require the medical intervention so earlier. As the age of babe is increasing so they are demanding the better interventions.Owing to the i ncreased cost, employers will non accept the position quo. Sp they exclude the benefits for new hiring. Others might go forth the concern of insurance concern wholly and will lend merely to regale the costs but will non give c all overage by themselves. The figure of uninsured people in America will increase because of these alterations. Disenfranchised middleA mob will lift in consequences of these alterations. Employers will be active for and prefer this alteration.The wellness attention system of American splits the population into two groups foremost is insiders and 2nd is foreigners. Insiders are those who are insured and they rush good insurance so they get everything modern. No affair hoe expensive the medical specialty and intervention is. Foreigners are those who have hapless insurance program or nil at all. They receive really small out of their insurance programs. About 47 million Americans are uninsured and the figure is turning twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours . indemnification companies presently deny covering people with preexistent conditions. Peoples who have loathsome medical conditions homogeneous AIDS, malignant neoplastic disease and other such diseases were non covered by the insurance companies. These people are at bad and that s why non covered by companies. Major employers are cutting their costs in healthcare disbursement to vie in the planetary challenging market. 2 Employers are denying paying insurance premiums to these workers due to high premiums and the current economic state of affairss. Employers are switching the economic load towards the employees like deductibles and co-pays. Almost half of the belly-up people are due to the high medical costs and this cost is straight or indirectly affects the economic system. Hence, authorities has to pay more than. peerless more job in the current system that physicians are non paid harmonizing to their service quality. Doctors are paid really less as compared to other stat es of solid ground like in United Kingdom, physicians are paid for 95 % while in US merely 30 % . Lot of people level off did non travel to sophisticate due to high costs of trials, intervention or followup after the intervention. These higher costs associated with health care besides stopped Americans sing physician on a unfaltering basis for medical examination. Besides physicians do non cognize the history of patients due to non sing them on a regular basis. Americans besides have high ratio of chronic diseases. This is besides leads to more disbursement on health care and its handiness to hapless people. United States is the unaccompanied state among the developed states whose all citizens do non hold entree to its citizens except South Africa 3 .Medicare and Medicaid are two of authorities plans which provide medical every bit good as wellness related services to the specific group of people in USA. Both of them are different but are managed by the centres of Medicare and M edicaid which is a division of US Department of Health and Human Services.Medicaid is a plan which intromits agencies tested wellness and medical services for specific persons and households who have low income and limited resources. It is chiefly looked after at federal degree, but apiece stat develops its ain criterions like eligibility criterions determines the sum, type, period and range of the services puting the rate of salary for services administers its ain Medicaid plans.As mentioned above that States is the concluding determination authorization of planning of service which will be provided down the stairs their Medicaid plan. But there are some necessary demands which must(prenominal) be matched by the States to have support from Federal. Following are the compulsory servicesImpatient and Outpatient infirmary servicesantepartum attentionChildren VaccinesService of PhysicianFacility of Nursing services for persons aged 21 or olderServicess of Family be aftering wi th suppliesRural wellness clinic services root wellness attention for individuals eligible for skilled-nursing servicesLab and X ray servicesPediatric and household nurse practician servicesNurse-midwife servicesfederally qualified health-center ( FQHC ) services and ambulatory servicesEarly on and periodic showing, diagnostic, and intervention ( EPSDT ) services for kids under age 21Besides the above, the provinces can conduce more 34 optional approved services and can have the Federal matching support. Although each province has the authorization to put the eligibility standard for acquiring the Medicaid services but fundamentally the plan has been started to assist the people with low income. Other demands may include age, gestation, disablement, other assets and citizenship.Medicaid does non pay money to the persons. Medicaid plan plants like a plan provide intervention to the persons and gives payment to the wellness attention suppliers. State makes the payment while provinces receive reimbursement from Federal Government. Medicare is a Federal wellness plan of insurance. It pays for aged and certain handicapped Americans to infirmaries and medical attention.The plan is divided into 4 split Separate A, B, C and D. But two chief parts for infirmaries and medical insurance are Part A & A B. Separate A may be known as Hospitals Insurance, pays for the infirmary corsets and it includes repasts, supplies, semi hush-hush suites and proving. It besides pays for place wellness attention.Part B which is known as Supplementary Medical Insurance. It pays for doctors visits, place wellness attention costs, outpatient infirmaries, and other services for aged and disabled. It covers lasting medical equipments, certain inoculations, blood transfusion, lab and diagnosing trials, X raies, chemotherapy, hormonal trials and spectacless. Part B requires a certain premium which caries each twelvemonth.Part C is besides known as Medical Advantage Plan because it allows the users to plan a usage program that can be more helpful and align to the demands of their medical demands.Part D includes the prescription drug program. It is administered by one of many private insurance companies. Eligibility for Medicare requires a US citizen or uninterrupted 5 old ages legal occupant of US must be at least 65 old ages old or under 65 and disables or any age individual with End Stage Renal Disease. Payroll revenue enhancements which are collected through Federal Insurance Contributions Act and Self Employment Contributions Act are the major elements of support for Medicare.US health care reforms measure 2010 will be $ 940 billion over the period of 10 old ages. 4 This measure will cover 32 million American people who are uninsured. Health Insurance can be purchased through state-based exchanges and fiscal subsidy will be offered to the income below 133 per centum and 400 per centum of poorness degree in US. Tax relaxations will be offered to the elflike concern to buy employee insurances. Peoples who are availing subsidies will non be eligible for Medicare, Medicaid and besides for employer covered insurance. New revenue enhancement will be imposed in 2012 at rate of 3.8 per centum on income of households doing over $ 250,000 per twelvemonth. Insurance reforms will be introduced and insurance companies wo nt deny to the people and kids with preexistent conditions. Medicaid will spread out to include 133 per centum of the poorness degree in United States. In 2014, everyone must buy a insurance or face the one-year mulct fees. Employers who have more than 50 employees must supply insurance to their employees or face a mulct on the footing of per worker. Illegal immigrants can non avail insurance even if they pay their ain money. Abortion insurance will be paid by private money and it will non be subsidized by federal or revenue enhancement remunerator financess.Republican offered an alternate plan on the footing of four common-sense reforms which can be afforded by people of US named as Common-sense health care reform. It includes that all concerns and households can purchase insurance across US. The 2nd point is that persons, little concerns and trade associations can get insurances at lower costs by combine attempts. It besides allows provinces to take down costs by making advanced reforms. The last reform is to complete the cases which must be obeyed by physicians because of acquiring sued by Police. This will stop the high cost trials and other processs which are really non required by the patients.

Paranormal Activity

Paranormal Activity An Evaluation Movies are images of a certain vitrines life it depicts the characters environment, the weather, and entirely the necessary ingredients that make up the movie that is being watched. There are many types of movies comedy, drama, documentary, and sci-fi but at that place is one type of writing style of movie, that most tidy sum have the pleasure of watching. The shuddery movies they are the best kind, they scare, yet the audience cannot turn away. Watching the movie Paranormal Activity, it really frighten me. only when the things that had grasped my attention were the actors, plot, scenes, sound, and cinematography. The actors were extremely well in portraying the part of a stricken girlfriend with a demon in her home with her caring boyfriend. They were very(prenominal) nice in screaming in all of the parts that were needed to be screamed at. But not only did it cause her, but a equal lead cause the viewers to scream in terror and fear. Mica h is this manly sort of man who feels that he can take care of the demon and his girlfriend.Katie becomes extremely loaded by the antics of Micah and tries to find help in other ways. Another reason why I enjoyed the actors was because they made everything seem so real. They made the sleeping, the arguments, and the existence of demons real. You in like manner see the change inMicah, he goes from unafraid, and not disturbed by her past, to a complete 360. He becomes fearful, and gets mad and try to take out the demon. All the scary movies start out the same way, everything is always normal, and something drastic happens, which makes the main character afraid of her surroundings.But in the movie, Paranormal Activity, it was always with her. It never seems to leave her alone. She was haunted by the ghost. In the end of the scary movie, nothing good ever comes out of it, something that is dramatic always plays out, in tell apart to scare the viewers out. It is always expect that th e plot is rim to have a good twist because it is a frightening movie, while waiting for the twist in the movie it ended, and realized that there was no twist. It is the same old boring type of scary movie as previously seen before.It is a pretty straightforward movie, with no twist and no excitement, just a lot of scary faces. When the scene of a haunting movie takes place there is always that one scary building that has people talking nigh it, creating rumors, and scaring people. The only difference is that instead of a scary building it is a nice two bedroom apartment. Instead of the community creating rumors about the house, it is the girlfriend. The scenes of the movie could be established by the days of darknesss that they had stayed in the place.It was fairly nice as to the scenes could be distinguished from each other. It caused the viewer to establish a certain timeframe as to when and where the haunting is taking place. The scene is also great because in the woods or a b ig house all to youself, everyone have a go at its what is bound to happen. The audience realizes the danger of the woods, or the mansion Yet this house is similar to your own house or one you have lived in for a while. No one really suspect any scary things to be happening in a place where you are surrounded by people in every direction.I also love the scenes because in the beginning there is no opening credit or the title of the movie, it seems like two normal cheerful couples with a small problem. It makes the movie really believable and scares you from even standing up in a dark room. One scene that made me recover was when Micah was mad at his girlfriend for not telling him that she had a demon that came to her from time to time. It shows his concern for his safety, and his anger at her omitting some information from him.The sound in every scary movie is always the same, and so, it is true with this one as well. First the sound begins, getting you ready to be spooked, yet yo u let all the anticipation get hyped up, only for a door swinging back and forth. They keep on using the same sounds over and over again teach you, to get all scared for no particular reason. It was very well played in the sense that it had a warning bell in order for your attention. But the sound really does create a sense of urgency in you to close your eyes, run away or even take the magnetic disk out.The reoccurring sound shows that it is meant to be scary as with the night time style camera. Since the sound was played in almost every scene, it adds more horror to the film. But just when you get tired and bored of hearing the same noises over and over again each and every couple of night, you get taken aback. horrify takes over instead boredom and surprise instead tiredness. You start to rise back up into your seat, and get sucked in by what is happening, all because of the sound. The cinematography reeled me in from the start.The movie is not some guy who is a professional a t handling cameras it is the same guy that is the main character. It is done extremely well also because it is not bumpy, nor shaky it is held by a really steady hand. In the start you see the character and their change between Micah and Katie. They make it seem like a normal day with their normal life and nothing out of the ordinary. It is shown as a life just like you and me but at night is where the real fun begins. He puts the camera on a tripod and the night vision is turned on so we can see all that is qualifying on.There was really good visuals on the nights, and the days, and also on the mundane activities that were going on like her making jewelry, or her talking to her friend. It sparked your interest because you wanted to know when the scary part was going to take place. Any scary movie can be scary if you throw in a demon or a ghost in the mix, but if you include all of the right mixture then you may truly scare any individuals. It may any be by the plot, scenes, actor s, or even the cinematography. Overall, while the movie was a bit of a cheap thriller, it made you flinch and your heat lurch and everyone postulate a good thrill now and again.

Media and Anti Corruption

In some countries, such as Bulgaria, Macedonia, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Albania to a much lesser extent, the fencesitter media has brought to the fore numerous corruption cases, exposing in high spirits officials. It has also been a major force behind mobilizing public opinion against corruption, as in the case of Bulgaria. At the same time it has exerted indirect bosom on the respective governments to take steps to limit corruption practices.The Bulgarian independent media, which has been marked by intensified anti-corruption reporting, stands out with its permanent engagement in the public debate about corruption and the efforts to curb it. It is characterized by improved quality coverage of corruption issues, expansion of the public dialogue in the media finished inclusion of opinions of other civil society sectors and individuals and increased follow-up of reported cases, all of which speaks for a trend towards greater professionalism in its anti-corruption efforts.However, t he limited use of the independent media in some countries should also be noted. In some, such as Bosnia Herzegovina, this has been due to the fact the media is mostly state controlled. In others, such as Albania, demoralize individuals have instigated distrust in the media, which lacks the professionalism necessary for investigative journalism and has fabricated and then denied its facts in corruption cases.A serious impediment to the greater role of the independent media is the fact that it is rarely truly independent. There is a problem of media ownership, symbiosis between headache and media, the relations between the authorities and the owners of the media. On the Balkans the media is very much financed by international organizations and thus has to rely on foreign help because of the small market size, in the case of Bosnia Herzegovina, or by certain business lobbies in the case of Albania.There are also cases of media close to current or former governments, in Bosnia Herzeg ovina, for instance, which can impede investigative journalism and its cordial impact on the efforts to combat corruption. Since it is also often regarded as a political tool by the owner, either the state or a reclusive entity, the pressure exerted on journalists can often lead to biased coverage and impede impartial corruption investigation, which is illustrated by the Romanian press.A further bank vault to a greater role of the media is the fact it often lacks access to essential government information. For instance, in Romania, because of few laws giving access to public information or lack of their enforcement, the independent media has to rely on unofficial channels in corruption cases. Because of this unofficial information, which may be incorrect, the official authorities are until now more unwilling to cooperate with the media on corruption scandals.The analysis of the media possibilities to investigate and report corruption represented the objectives of the Freedom Hou se Assessment Report on media responses to corruption in some countries in the region summarizes the main difficulties Lack of independence Lack of access to basic government information Punitive besmirch law and prosecutorial abuse Weak advocacy groups Disincentives to investigative journalism Lack of experience and training opportunities Public cynicism regarding corruption

Fukushima Earthquake And Tsunami 2011 Essay

In March 2011, japan was struck by a magnitude 9.0 seism and a following tsunami. Authorities reason out that the seism was the ca routine of the peaceful plate releasing the attrition built up after years converged under the North Ameri puke plate (as shown in watch 3) a hanker the fault line that lies kilometres a bureau from japans coastline. (Urbano, 2011)This ca calld the friction to spread through the ground-and what was primitively said to be a magnitude 6.6 earthquake through the evaluation of incomprehensive readings from seismometers- shook Japan for over five minutes. The resulting tsunami was triggered by the explosive energy released by the earthquake. However, its handicap was minimized by 10m exalted sea walls and the modeling of buildings along the coast, which had applied various scientific techniques to reduce impact from waves on appointed buildings. Macintosh HDUsers160161DesktopUnknown-1.jpegEarthquakes argon a very signifi basist problem around the gl obe and rat cause havoc through towns. The Japan earthquake and following tsunami resulted in 20000 deaths and caused the destruction of entire towns and more coastal areas of the country- the most notably being the Thoku region in Honshu. (Pletcher, 2013) A large parting of the toll and lives lost could attain been avoided if apprehensions techniques in noteing earthquakes- such as seismometers- would have alerted authorities in advance rather than minutes before the earthquake struck, as well as conveyed more spotless readings.Around the globe scientists and organisations have attempted to develop method of get a lineing earthquakes so that maximum disability endure be prevented. Currently, around the globe seismometers, sea walls and building modeling are used to happen upon earthquakes through the readings of unst able waves. This scientific solution has potential to minimise disability from earthquakes and tsunamis around the globe if enforced correctly and its n egatives minimized.The Application of Science To Detect Earthquakes and Consequently Prevent malign-SeismometersEarthquakes can be detected by measuring the frequency of the seismic waves in a particular area using a scientific device such as a seismometer. Seismic waves are circular waves (see figure 4) created by the confirm and forth doing that occurs when an earthquake shakes the ground, thus releasing waves. A magnitude 8 or 9 earthquake- like the one in Japan 2011, are caused due to the faster and rapider movement of the ground. This releases a higher(prenominal) frequency of seismic waves that can be detected by scientific instruments like a seismometer-just as they were during the Fukushima earthquake.The science female genitalia the implementation of seismometers in earthquake prone areas such as Japan is that they use the basic principal of inertia to detect seismic waves in the earths surface. They consist of a ground motion detection sensor and a recording system. I n a simple seismometers detection system, a weight and a spring are suspended from a frame that moves along with the earths surface. As the earth moves, the relative motion between the weight and the earth, which is caused by seismic waves is measured by the recording system which consists of a rotating drum attached to the frame, (as shown in diagram 1) and a pen attached to the mass.This pencil moves along with the weight and the spring, leaving lines along the drum, which can be construe into determining the frequency of seismic waves and the magnitude of the coming earthquake by authorities.(Braile, 2000)Modern seismometers are electronic, and instead of using a pen and drum, the seismic activity generates an electrical voltage that is recorded by a computer. The rationalness wherefore Japanese authorities and other nations around the world choose this science to help detect earthquakes is because it allows them to sink before hand when an earthquake is going to happen. Seis mographs gather information over a long period of time and the patterns in the seismic wave frequency are easily analyzable.Seismometers were implemented in Japans coastline by local authorities with readings going to computers where the data from seismic waves was analyzed. This brought to the early conclusions that the earthquake was a magnitude 6.6 and later upgraded to 9.0 from further readings showing an increase in movement within the ground. Seismometers alike bring a change in scientific research about certain regions and their risk to earthquakes, as it allows for research to be collected at various points before, during and after an earthquake, so that warnings can be displace out in advance next time or before an aftershock. (Dea, 2003)The Effectiveness of Detection/Damage Prevention Techniques Used In JapanSeismometers- Sciences solution to the problem-can be used to detect earthquakes and their location so that maximum damage can be prevented. In theory, scientists in Japan should have been able to pick up the earthquakes where about, magnitude and timing from the seismic activity under the earths surface that should have been detected by many seismometers locate on the Pacific Oceans seabed. Scientists can use the readings ga thered- based on the frequency of the waves-to calculate the magnitude of the earthquake before it reaches by working out the difference in arrival between two waves from tree different seismometers. (BBC, 2013) If the go between the two arrivals is shorter, then the magnitude of the earthquake is alike higher. Fukushima scientists also used this method to determine the exact location of the earthquakes epicentre through the process of triangulation in which they determine the distance travelled by waves at each of the three seismometers and pinpoint the centre (as shown in diagram 2).Seismometers certainly helped to detect the Fukushima earthquake. tell apart shows that almost a thousand lives were saved due to seis mometers monitoring the Pacific seabed. They proved effective in saving lives because they were able to pick up the sudden seismic activity in the ground. The detection allowed scientists suffer in Japan to sound an disquietude minutes before the earthquake arrived in Japan. However, the initial alarm was quite inaccurate, as it was originally sounded for a 6.6 magnitude earthquake. Over the last century around the world, scientists concluded that 9/10 times seismometers were initially incorrect in detecting the magnitude of the numerous earthquakes (Strevens, 2011).Seismometers also have m some(prenominal) more limitations, which cause for the technology to be deemed ineffective at times and can be used to partially explain some of the issues that occurred in Japan- issues that could have been avoided. Unlike NASAs InSAR satellite technology that can detect earthquakes day before they occur (due to its capability to detect even 1cm of movement within the earth) (NASA, 2011), se ismometers are only able to detect earthquakes minutes before they happen and the only stylus scientists can actually issue a warning in advance is if they look closely at the patterns in previous earthquakes or try and interpret seismic readings days before and see if there are any abnormalities. The limitations of possible inaccuracy with data and late warnings made the use of the seismometers quite ineffective during the earthquake. Although seismometers are able to pinpoint the exact location of the epicentre so that aftershocks can be predicted and are able to give a fewer minutes of warning about the magnitude, it is a scientific device thats success can easily be tinted by trance human error accepts in analyzing its data on computers.Sea walls were implemented in Japan to protect its coastal cities from tsunamis. The science behind them is that its strong concrete material, from which it is made of, should be able to block the force of a tsunami. Their summit meeting- 1 0 metres supra sea level- were supposed to be sufficient to stop most tsunamis as evidence shows that it is very exalted in any part of the world for a tsunami over 10m to a region that is not in a flash over the fault line. However, if a tsunami were to reach such heights, the sea walls success would be limited greatly. A positive of their use though, is that their success is largely predictable as they do not require any electronic systems to function and nor do they have any human influence. Macintosh HDUsers160161DesktopScreen diagonal 2013-10-27 at 6.40.21 PM.pngSea walls proved ineffective in Japan as the tsunami proved to also be 10 metres tall due to the water being very deep in the region. This allowed the tsunami to build up its waves and when the tsunamis biggest waves arrived at the coast of Japan, they were 1m taller than the walls event though they were still only 10m tall. (Tran, 2013) This was due to the fact that the coastline had dropped by a metre and also move d three metres out to sea. (As shown in figure 5) This outside influence limited the success of the walls greatly and although- in many other tsunamis sea wall have efficaciously haltered tsunamis due to their concrete strength and height- the tsunami of 2011 flooded into Japan killing thousands that could not escape in the few moments of warning.Sciences Interaction With The EnvironmentThe environment has minimal impact on the application and effectiveness of seismometers and sea walls. As seismometers are not affected by an areas air pollution, vegetation or climate, the environment does not play a significant role in positively or negatively affecting the detection ability of seismometers. However there are still a few minor factors- particularly in Japan- that can somewhat prevent an earthquake from being detected accurately. Due to Japans vulnerable earthquake-prone region being located along the Pacific Oceans coastline, many low intensity stress waves created by inseparable noises and ocean waves have the ability to be detected by seismometers. This is because seismometers can detect and measure motions with frequencies from d Hz to 0.00118 Hz- a large passable range to detect ocean waves- particularly in the Pacific Ocean. This could have a negative effect on the effectiveness of sciences solution. Negatively, seismometers could be vigilance Japanese authorities any time tidal waves and ocean currents strengthen, thus triggering alarm bells constantly.A positive effect that the Japanese environment has on damage preventing solutions such as sea walls is that the Japanese coastline has numerous mountain and hill landforms. The many hills and low mountains located in Japans coastal region (sea figure 6)- in particular where the Fukushima earthquake struck-help to prevent damage due to there significant height above sea levels. This environmental pull in was evident during the 2011 earthquake as authorities guided civilians to high ground so that w hen the tsunami arrived and the sea walls failed, the landforms saved a few hundred lives. (ONISHI, 2011)This was because the 10m height of the tsunami eventually deteriorated by the time it reached the landforms, thus preventing further damage from occurring.As mentioned above, the environment has minimal influence on the application and effectiveness of seismometers and sea walls, although sea walls do have an effect on the environment. To construct and implement sea walls, natural, agricultural and grassland is destruct to make way for them. Sea walls require a large amount of space (width and length) if they are to be firm, sturdy and loom a large proportion of the coastline. They also negatively impact the climatic environment as their height to some extent interrupts the sea breeze that Japan receives from the ocean. This means that locations near the walls will be scorched in the already tropical climate and environment. Once again these negative effects on Japans environm ent are not significant factors although if these scientific damage prevention measures were not consecrate in Japan 2011, the environment would have been damaged greatly like it was in some towns that were destroyed completely.Economic InteractionSciences detection and damage prevention solutions have a profound effect on the economy of Japan. The Japanese government invests billions (USD) in coastal defenses such as sea walls and warning systems every year. These expensive devices further cost governments around the world millions whenever a warning and consequent evacuation occurs. For example, since howdys Pacific Tsunami Warning Center was established in 1948, about 75 percent of warnings that resulted in costly evacuations turned out to be false alarms (Pendick, 2012).A positive effect that Japans economy has on seismometers and warning systems is that it can afford to research deep into ship canal on amend the technology, as well as, fund the expensive costs involved with implementing and running them. There is very bitty limitations that Japans economy poses to seismometers as the economy is very stable and has been for the last decade without move to a fault much (see graph 1), thus allowing for billions to be invested. This allows the government to invest in earthquake damage prevention devices so that when an earthquake strikes, damage costs can be kept to a minimum. Seismometers and damage prevention devices have a major influence on the economy. When the earthquake of 2011 struck and damage was high- especially from the burst reactor in the Fukushima Nuclear Plant- Japans tourism industry suffered greatly. This had a mountain chain reaction on the economy with a major dip in Japans gross domestic product (as shown in graph 1) during the period.ConclusionFor many years now, scientists have attempted to come up with ways to detect and consequently, prevent earthquakes with measured success- especially in the Fukushima earthquake of 2011. Alth ough the application of science through the use of seismometers potentially saved thousands of lives in the few minutes of warning, its accuracy and timing was not enough to stop a nuclear disaster. The 10m sea walls that were located around Japans shoreline also proved ineffective as the tsunami soared over them, leaving all types of buildings to be struck down by the shear force of the waves. However, scientists cross to apply their knowledge of earthquakes, tectonic movement and seismic waves so that they can enhance this solution for emerging earthquakes around the globe.Seismometers and sea walls fit into the world environment nicely as they do not affect it, but rather help to prevent damage occurring to it, whilst the modeling of buildings simply has the same impact as normal buildings do. Economic wise though, billions of dollars are put into the science and evidence shown from Japan might suggest, too much money for fairly inconclusive success. There are some variables in science that we cant control, but what can be controlled is minimizing their damage to civilization through the processes of detecting and preventing damage.BibliographyBBC. (2013). Seismic waves. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from BBC Bitesize http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/waves_earth/seismicwavesrev2.s hypertext mark-up languageBraile, L. (2000, November). SEISMOMETER. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from Explorations In Earth Science http//web.ics.purdue.edu/braile/edumod/handseis/handseis.htmDea, J. (2003, August 11). Anticipating Earthquakes. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from NASA Science http//science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/11aug_earthquakes/Densmore, A. (2011, March 14). Sendai earthquake and tsunami disaster . Retrieved October 29, 2013, from Institute of Hazard, fortune and Resilience http//ihrrblog.org/2011/03/14/sendai-earthquake-and-tsunami-disaster/Doedens, P. (2013, September 20). MAGNITUDE-5.3 QUAKE HITS FUKUSHIMA. Retrieved October 2 5, 2013, from Fukushima Update http//fukushimaupdate.com/magnitude-5-9-quake-hits-fukushima/Kong, S. C. (2013, March 20). Japans Economy. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from The Market illusionist http//www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39557.htmlKordian. (2012, May 8). Natural Disaster . Retrieved November 1, 2013, from Oxonian Globalist http//toglobalist.org/2012/05/risky-business-uncovering-catastrophic-insurance-risks-in-2012/NASA. (2011). Anticipating Earthquakes-InSAR Satellites . Retrieved October 28, 2013, from NASA Science http//www.google.com.au/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=why+did+seismometers+pick+the+japan+earthquake+as+magnetide+6.6&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=jMhwUtjfJcW_kQXUiYCQBQq=why+did+seismometers+pick+the+japan+earthquake+as+magnitude+6.6&rls=enONISHI, N. (2011, March 13). Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunamis Crushing Waves. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from The New York quantify http//www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seawalls.html?pagewante d=all&_r=0Pendick, D. (2012). Catching a Tsunami in the Act. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from Savage Earth http//www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/tsunami/html/sidebar1.htmlMacintosh HDUsers160161DesktopScreen Shot 2013-11-04 at 11.43.28 AM.png